26 studies (24 randomized controlled trials and 2 quasi-randomized controlled trials) comparing aquatic exercise to no exercise and/or land-based exercise in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, low back pain, or osteoporosis patient populations were included in this meta-analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on pain, physical function, and quality of life outcomes in people suffering from musculoskeletal conditions. Pooled findings suggested participants in the aquatic exercise group achieved superior outcomes to those in the no exercise group, and comparable outcomes to those in the land-based exercise group.