A total of 7 RCTs were included in this systematic review which aimed to investigate the efficacy of progressive resistance training (PRT) before and after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) when compared to a control group. The analysis was based on muscle strength, functional capacity, quality of life, and the incidence of adverse events. Preoperative progressive resistance training was found to increase muscle strength and functional capacity in total hip arthroplasty patients, though limited effects were observed in total knee arthroplasty patients.