
15 sham-controlled randomized controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis for the purpose of evaluating the effect of electrical stimulation interventions on radiographic nonunion and pain in patients being treated for acute fractures, nonunion, delayed union, osteotomy healing, and spinal fusion. The results displayed a significant reduction in the risk of radiographic nonunion and reduced patient-reported pain with electrical stimulation in comparison to sham treatment. Limited evidence regarding functional outcomes indicated a non-significant effect.
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